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J Am Dent Assoc, Vol 137, No 3, 322-329. © 2006 American Dental Association

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JADA Continuing Education

A cross-sectional study

Background. The authors conducted a study to determine if salivary biomarkers specific for three aspects of periodontitis—inflammation, collagen degradation and bone turnover—correlate with clinical features of periodontal disease.

Methods. The relationship between periodontal disease and the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in whole saliva of 57 adults (28 "case" subjects with moderate-to-severe periodontal disease and 29 healthy control subjects) was examined in a case-control trial.

Results. Mean levels of IL-1ß and MMP-8 in saliva were significantly higher in case subjects than in controls. Both analytes correlated with periodontal indexes, whereas, after adjustment for confounders, OPG did not. Elevated salivary levels of MMP-8 or IL-1ß (more than two standard deviations above the mean of the controls) significantly increased the risk of periodontal disease (odds ratios in the 11.3–15.4 range ). Combined elevated salivary levels of MMP-8 and IL-1ß increased the risk of experiencing periodontal disease 45-fold, and elevations in all three biomarkers correlated with individual clinical parameters indicative of periodontal disease.

Conclusion. Salivary levels of MMP-8 and IL-1ß appear to serve as biomarkers of periodontitis.

Clinical Implications. Qualitative changes in the composition of salivary biomarkers could have significance in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease.

Key Words: Periodontal disease; saliva; biomarkers; interleukin-1 beta; matrix metalloproteinase

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